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• 2020

  Explaining Bayesian Networks in Natural Language: State of the Art andChallenges

  Hennessy, C., Bugarin, A. & Reiter, E., 18 Dec 2020, 2nd Workshop on Interactive Natural Language Technologyfor Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of NL4XAI. The Association for Computational Linguistics, p. 28-33 6 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

  • Bayesian networks
  • Cements

• Genomic prediction of arsenic tolerance and grain yield in rice: Contribution of trait-specific markers and multi environment models

  Ahmadi, N., Cao, T-V., Frouin, J., Norton, G. J. & Price, A., 12 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Rice.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Inside the volcano: Three-dimensional magmatic architecture of a buried shield volcano

  Walker, F., Schofield, N., Millett, J., Jolley, D., Holford, S. P., Planke, S., Jerram, D. A. & Myklebust, R., 12 Oct 2020, In: Geology. 5 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • shield volcano
  • magma chamber
  • sill
  • volcano
  • laccolith

• Meeting art with words: the philosopher as anthropologist

  Ingold, T., 12 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Adaptive Behavior.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Anthropology
  • Art
  • Power (Psychology)

• Modelling and Optimal Design of Thick-Walled Composite Pipes under In-Service Conditions

  Wang, T., Menshykov, O. & Guz, I., 12 Oct 2020, In: IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering. 936, 8 p., 012046.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Pipe
  • Composite materials
  • Torsional stress
  • Elasticity
  • Torque

• The Oral Health Status of Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disorders: A Systematic Review

  Almoosawy, S. A., McGowan, M., Hijazi, K., Patey, R., Bachoo, P. & Cherukara, G., 12 Oct 2020, In: Vascular. 11 p., 1708538120963914.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Oral Health
  • Health Status
  • Systematic Reviews
  • Blood Vessels
  • Oral Pathology
  2 Downloads (Pure)

• Evaluation of Adjunctive Mycophenolate for Large Vessel Giant Cell Arteritis

  Karabayas, M., Dospinescu, P., Fluck, N., Kidder, D., Fordyce, G., Hollick, RJ., de Bari, C. & Basu, N., 11 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Rheumatology Advances in Practice.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Giant Cell Arteritis
  • Steroids
  • Mycophenolic Acid
  • Recurrence
  • tocilizumab

• Understanding people’s responses toward predators in the Indian Himalaya

  Bhatia, S., Suryawanshi, K., Redpath, S. M. & Mishra, C., 11 Oct 2020, In: Animal Conservation. p. 1-8 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • risk perception
  • predator
  • wild animal
  • carnivore
  • snow

• Meta-analysis and systematic review to determine the optimal imaging modality for the detection of rectosigmoid deep endometriosis

  Gerges, B., Li, W., Leonardi, M., Mol, B. W. & Condous, G., 10 Oct 2020, In: Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 67 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Endometriosis
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Systematic Reviews
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Endosonography

• Significance of root hairs for plant performance under contrasting field conditions and water deficit

  Marin, M., Feeney, D. S., Brown, L. K., Naveed, M., Riuz, S., Koebernick, N., Bengough, A. G., Hallett, P. D., Roose, T., Puértolas, J., Dodd, I. C. & George, T. S., 10 Oct 2020, In: Annals of Botany. mcaa181.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • root hairs
  • water
  • soil texture
  • shoots
  • stress tolerance

• Association of asthma severity and educational attainment at age 6-7 years in a birth cohort: Population based record-linkage study

  Evans, A., Farewell, D., Demmler, J., Bandyopadhyay, A., Powell, C. & Paranjothy, S., 9 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Thorax.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Asthma
  • Parturition
  • Respiratory Tract Infections
  • Population
  • General Practice
  1 Downloads (Pure)

• Congenital defects and early childhood outcomes following in-utero exposure to antihypertensive medication

  Fitton, C. A., Fleming, M., Aucott, L., Pell, J. P., Mackay, D. F. & McLay, J. S., 9 Oct 2020, In: Journal of Hypertension.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Antihypertensive Agents
  • Hypertension
  • Pregnancy
  • Mothers
  • Scotland

• Mars-Analog Calcium Sulfate Veins Record Evidence of Ancient Subsurface Life

  McMahon, S., Parnell, J. & Reekie, P. B. R., 9 Oct 2020, In: Astrobiology. 20, 10, p. 1212-1223 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• The influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on hospital length of stay and survival in people with COVID-19

  Braude, P., Carter, B., Short, R., Vilches-Moraga, A., Verduri, A., Pearce, L., Price, A., Quinn, T. J., Stechman, M., Collins, J., Bruce, E., Einarsson, A., Rickard, F., Mitchell, E., Holloway, M., Hesford, J., Barlow-Pay, F., Clini, E., Myint, P. K., Moug, S. & 2 others, McCarthy, K. & Hewitt, J., 9 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: IJC Heart & Vasculature.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Variations in rates of discharges to nursing homes after acute hospitalization for stroke and the influence of service heterogeneity: an Anglia Stroke Clinical Network Evaluation Study

  Tornes, M., McLernon, D., Bachmann, M., Musgrave, S., Day, D., Warburton, E. A., Potter, J. & Myint, P. K., 9 Oct 2020, In: Healthcare. 8, 4, 13 p., 390.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Nursing Homes
  • Evaluation Studies
  • Hospitalization
  • Stroke
  • Health Facility Size

• A novel allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor ameliorates hyperdopaminergia endophenotypes in rodent models

  Mielnik, C. A., Sugamori, K. S., Finlay, D. B., Thorpe, H. H. A., Schapira, M., Sivananthan, N., Li, C. K., lam, V. M., Harrington, S., Abdelrahman, M. H., Trembleau, L. A., Burnham, W. M., Khokhar, J. Y., Salahpour, A., Ramsey, A. J., Glass, M., Greig, I. & Ross, R. A., 8 Oct 2020, In: Neuropsychopharmacology. 46, 2, p. 413-422 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Endophenotypes
  • Cannabinoid Receptor CB1
  • Rodentia
  • Endocannabinoids
  • Inhibition (Psychology)

• Empirical Analysis of Demand for Real Money Balances in Africa: Panel Evidence from Nigeria and Ghana

  Nkalu, N. C., 8 Oct 2020, In: African and Asian Studies. 19, p. 363-376 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Inflation
  • Ghana
  • Nigeria
  • Exchange Rates
  • Africa

• Feasibility, acceptability and change in health following a telephone-based CBT intervention for patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis

  Pedley, R., Dean, L. E., Choy, E. H., Gaffney, K., Ijaz, T., Kay, L., Lovell, K., Molloy, C., Martin, K., Packham, J., Siebert, S., Sengupta, R., Macfarlane, G. & Hollick, R., 8 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Rheumatology Advances in Practice.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Telephone
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Health
  • Patient Reported Outcome Measures

• Microstructural changes in white matter tracts across middle-to-late adulthood: A diffusion MRI study on 7167 UK Biobank participants

  Tseng, W-Y., Hsu, Y-C., Chen, C-L., Kang, Y-J., Kao, T-W., Chen, P-Y. & Waiter, G., 8 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Neurobiology of Aging.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Anisotropy
  • White Matter
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe

• Peer Influence on Trade Credit

  Gyimah, D., Machokoto, M. & Sikochi, A. S., 8 Oct 2020, 46 p.

  Research output: Working paper

  Open Access

  • Peer Influence
  • Trade Credit
  • Peers
  • Credit Policy
  • Information Environment

• Plasma proteome responses in salmonid fish following immunization

  Bakke, F. K., Monte, M. M., Stead, D. A., Causey, D. R., Douglas, A., Macqueen, D. J. & Dooley, H., 8 Oct 2020, In: Frontiers in Immunology. 11, p. 1-20 20 p., 581070.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Salmonidae
  • hen egg lysozyme
  • Egg White
  • Proteome
  • Fishes

• Pleiotropic Locus 15q24.1 Reveals a Gender-Specific Association with Neovascular but Not Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  Kiel, C., Strunz, T., Blanton, S., Grassmann, F. & Weber, B. H. F., 8 Oct 2020, In: Cells. 9, 10, p. 1-18 18 p., 2257.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Macular Degeneration
  • Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
  • Choroidal Neovascularization
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Blood Pressure

• TORC1 determines Fab1 lipid kinase function at signaling endosomes and vacuoles

  Chen, Z., Carpio Malia, P., Hatakeyama, R., Nicastro, R., Hu, Z., Péli-Gulli, M., Gao, J., Nishimura, T., Eskes, E., Stefan, C. J., Winderickx, J., Dengje, J., De Virgilio, C. & Ungermann, C., 8 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Current Biology.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • phosphatidylinositol 3,5-diphosphate
  • endosomes
  • Endosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • vacuoles

• Does executive compensation affect firms’ acquisition decisions? Evidence from China

  Jiang, L., Kling, G. & Bo, H., 7 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Asia Pacific Business Review.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Executive Compensation
  • China
  • Stock Options
  • Ownership
  • State Ownership

• Factors that impact on recruitment to randomised trials in health care: a qualitative evidence synthesis (Review)

  Houghton, C., Dowling, M., Meskell, P., Hunter, A., Gardner, H., Conway, A., Treweek, S., Sutcliffe, K., Noyes, J., Devane, D., Nicholas, J. R. & Biesty, L. M., 7 Oct 2020, In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020, 10, 75 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Delivery of Health Care
  • Gray Literature
  • Qualitative Research
  • Sample Size
  • Libraries
  1 Citation (Scopus)

• Measurement in Health Psychology Research and Practice

  Johnston, M., Weinman, J. & Ozakinci, G., 7 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology .

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Behavioral Medicine
  • Delivery of Health Care
  • Health
  • Psychology
  • Reproducibility of Results

• Non-antibiotic strategies for the prevention of infectious complications following prostate biopsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

  Pradere, B., Veeratterapillay, R., Dimitropoulos, K., Yuan, Y., Omar, M. I., MacLennan, S., Cai, T., Bruyère, F., Bartoletti, R., Köves, B., Wagenlehner, F., Bonkat, G. & Pilatz, A., 7 Oct 2020, In: Journal of Urology.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Prostate
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Systematic Reviews
  • Biopsy
  • Hospitalization

• Perceived Corruption, Business Process Digitization, and SMEs’ Degree of Internationalization in sub-Saharan Africa

  Adomako, S., Amankwah-Amoah, J., Tarbac, S. Y. & Khan, Z., Feb 2021, In: Journal of Business Research. 123, p. 196-207 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Degree of Internationalization
  • Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Corruption
  • Business Process
  • Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)

• When is a justice campaign over? Transitional justice, ‘overing’ and Bloody Sunday

  Bentley, T., 7 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Cooperation and Conflict.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • justice
  • campaign
  • massacre
  • stakeholder
  • family

• Problems of Data Availability and Quality for COVID-19 and Older People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

  Lloyd-Sherlock, P., Sempe, L., McKee, M. & Guntupalli, A., 6 Oct 2020, In: The Gerontologist.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Coronavirus
  • Data Accuracy
  • Income
  • Epidemiological Monitoring
  • Pandemics

• The burden of self-reported rhinitis and associated risk for exacerbations with moderate-severe asthma in primary care patients

  Kritikos, V., Price, D., Papi, A., Infantino, A., Ställberg, B., Ryan, D., Lavorini, F., Chrystyn, H., Haughney, J., Lisspers, K., Gruffydd-Jones, K., Román-Rodríguez, M., Høegh Henrichsen, S., Van Der Moleni, T., Carter, V. & Bosnic-Anticevich, S. Z., 6 Oct 2020, In: Journal of Asthma and Allergy. 13, p. 415-428 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Rhinitis
  • Primary Health Care
  • Asthma
  • Logistic Models
  • Demography

• How important is healthiness, carbon footprint and meat content when purchasing a ready meal? Evidence from a non-hypothetical discrete choice experiment

  Macdiarmid, J. I., Cerroni, S., Kalentakis, D. & Reynolds, C., 1 Feb 2021, In: Journal of Cleaner Production. 282, 11 p., 124510.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Meats
  • Carbon Footprint
  • Carbon footprint
  • Discrete Choice Experiment
  • carbon footprint
  1 Citation (Scopus)

• The nutritional and cardiovascular health benefits of rapeseed oil-fed farmed salmon in humans are not decreased compared with those of traditionally farmed salmon: a randomized controlled trial

  de Roos, B., Wood, S., Bremner, D., Bashir, S., Betancor, M. B., Fraser, W. D., Duthie, S. J., Horgan, G. W. & Sneddon, A., 5 Oct 2020, In: European Journal of Nutrition. 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Rapeseed Oil
  • Salmon
  • Fish Oils
  • rapeseed oil
  • Insurance Benefits

• Kinetic features of ethanol steam reforming and decomposition using a biochar-supported Ni catalyst

  Afolabi, A-T. F., Kechagiopoulos, P. N., Liu, Y. & Li, C-Z., 28 Feb 2021, In: Fuel Processing Technology. 212, 10 p., 106622.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • biochar
  • Steam reforming
  • Reforming reactions
  • Ethanol
  • Catalysts
  1 Citation (Scopus)

• Advancing the Patient EXperience (APEX) in COPD registry: Study design and strengths

  Yawn, B. P., Kaplan, A., Pace, W. D., Kocks, J. WH., Bulathsinhala, L., Carter, V., Chang, K-L., Edwards, C. L., Fox, C., Gaona, G., Gopalan, G., Han, M. K., Kruszyk BEng, M., Le Lievre, C. E., Mahle, C., Make, B., Philip, Z. K., Price, C., Ratigan, A. R., Shaikh, A. & 3 others, Skolnik, N., Stanley, B. & Price, D. B., 3 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Registries
  • Primary Health Care
  • Data Accuracy
  • Electronic Health Records

• Revascularisation Therapies Improve the Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure

  Pana, T. A., Mohamed, M. O., Clark, A. B., Fahy, E., Mamas, M. A. & Myint, P. K., 3 Oct 2020, In: International Journal of Cardiology.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Heart Failure
  • Stroke
  • Thrombectomy
  • Hospital Mortality

• Again, making Tanzania great: Magufuli’s restorationist developmental nationalism

  Paget, D., 2 Oct 2020, In: Democratization. 27, 7, p. 1240-1260 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • nationalism
  • Tanzania
  • authoritarianism
  • liberation
  • ideology

• Cervical cancer prevention in transgender men: a review

  Weyers, S., Garland, S. M., Cruickshank, M., Kyrgiou, M. & Arbyn, M., 2 Oct 2020, In: BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 5 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Transgender Persons
  • Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
  • Cervix Uteri
  • Early Detection of Cancer
  • Mental Health

• Ambition and Ambivalence: Reconsidering Positive Peace as a Trans-Scalar Peace System

  Millar, G. M., 1 Oct 2020, In: Journal of Peace Research. 15 p., 0022343320941909.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Consolidation
  • ambivalence
  • peace
  • Climate change
  • Automation

• A review on feature-mapping methods for structural optimization

  Wein, F., Dunning, P. & Norato, J. A., 1 Oct 2020, In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization. 62, 4, p. 1597-1638 42 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  File

  • Structural Optimization
  • Structural optimization
  • Review
  • Shape optimization
  • Topology Optimization
  3 Citations (Scopus)

  12 Downloads (Pure)

• Automated classification of depression from structural brain measures across two independent community‐based cohorts

  Stolicyn, A., Harris, M. A., Shen, X., Barbu, M. C., Adams, M. J., Hawkins, E. L., de Nooij, L., Yeung, H. W., Murray, A. D., Lawrie, S. M., Steele, J. D., McIntosh, A. M. & Whalley, H. C., 1 Oct 2020, In: Human Brain Mapping. 41, 14, p. 3922-3937 16 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Major Depressive Disorder
  • Depression
  • Brain
  • Decision Trees
  • Occipital Lobe
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  1 Downloads (Pure)

• A walk as act / enact / re-enactment: performing psychogeography and anthropology

  Vergunst, J., 1 Oct 2020, Reconstruction, Replication and Re-enactment in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Dupre, S., Harris, A., Lulof, P., Kursell, J. & Stols-Witlox, M. (eds.). Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, p. 225-250 26 p.

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

• Behaviour of eccentrically loaded prestressed stayed columns with circular hollow sections

  Hyman, P. & Osofero, A. I., 1 Oct 2020, In: Advances in Structural Engineering. 23, 13, p. 2813-2821 9 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Load limits
  • Defects
  • Finite element method

• Collective Almost Synchronization-based model to extract and predict features of EEG signals

  Nguyen, P. T. M., Hayashi, Y., Da Silva Baptista, M. & Kondo, T., 1 Oct 2020, In: Scientific Reports. 10, p. 16342 16 p., 16342.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Electroencephalography
  • Synchronization
  • Neurons
  • Power spectrum
  • Complex networks

• Comment on: “A novel approach to peatlands as archives of total cumulative spatial pollution loads from atmospheric deposition of airborne elements complementary to EMEP data: Priority pollutants (Pb, Cd, Hg)” by Ewa Miszczak, Sebastian Stefaniak, Adam Michczyński, Eiliv Steinnes and Irena Twardowska

  de Vleeschouwer, F., Baron, S., Cloy, J. M., Enrico, M., Ettler, V., Fagel, N., Kempter, H., Kylander, M. E., Li, C., Longman, J., Martínez Cortizas, A., Marx, S., Mattielli, N., Mighall, T., Nieminen, T. M., Piotrowska, N., Pontevedra-Pombal, X., Pratte, S., Renson, V., Shotyk, W. & 8 others, Shuttleworth, E., Sikorski, J., Stromsoe, N., Talbot, J., von Scheffer, C., Weiss, D., Zaccone, C. & Le Roux, G., 1 Oct 2020, In: Science of the Total Environment. 737, 5 p., 138699.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › peer-review

  • Environmental Pollutants
  • atmospheric deposition
  • peatland
  • Contamination
  • Pollution
  2 Citations (Scopus)

• Detailed electro-dynamic model of an ultra-fast disconnector including the failure mode

  Zaja, M., Razi-Kazemi, A. A. & Jovcic, D., 1 Oct 2020, In: High Voltage. 5, 5, p. 549-555 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Failure modes
  • Dynamic models
  • Switches
  • Electric circuit breakers
  • Inductance
  2 Downloads (Pure)

• Eye and Voice-Controlled Human Machine Interface System for Wheelchairs Using Image Gradient Approach

  Anwer, S., Waris, A., Sultan, H., Butt, S. I., Zafar, M. H., Sarwar, M., Niazi, I. K., Shafique, M. & Pujari, A., 1 Oct 2020, In: Sensors. 20, 19, 13 p., 5510.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Wheelchairs
  • Computer operating systems
  • Linux
  • Cameras
  1 Downloads (Pure)

• Factor XII and kininogen asymmetric assembly with gC1qR/C1QBP/P32 is governed by allostery

  Kaira, B., Slater, A., McCrae, K., Dreveny, I., Ummay, S., Mutch, N., Searle, M. & Emsley, J., 1 Oct 2020, In: Blood. 136, 14, p. 1685-1697 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • complement 1q receptor
  • Kininogens
  • Factor XII
  • Mutagenesis
  • Coagulation
  1 Citation (Scopus)

• HVDC grid rollout in the European context: Current status and challenges of HVDC grid protection

  Jovcic, D., Chaffey, G., Leterme, W., Inagaki, T., Nee, S., Jahn, I., Yang, Y., Poullain, S., Sharifabad, K., Koreman, K., Rault, P. & Van Hertem, D., 1 Oct 2020, (Accepted/In press) In: CIGRE Science & Engineering.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • hardware
  • cost reduction
  • laboratory research
  • cost
  • electronics

• On the interaction of delamination buckling and damage growth in cross-ply laminates

  Koellner, A., Kashtalyan, M., Guz, I. & Völlmecke, C., 1 Oct 2020, In: International Journal of Solids and Structures. 202, p. 912-928 17 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Delamination
  • Laminates
  • Buckling
  • Damage
  • buckling