Abstract
Many genetic studies have demonstrated an association between the 7-repeat (7r) allele of a 48-base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene and the phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown inconsistent associations between the 7r allele and neurocognitive performance in children with ADHD. We investigated the performance of 128 children with and without ADHD on the Fixed and Random versions of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). We employed time-series analyses of reaction-time data to allow a fine-grained analysis of reaction time variability, a candidate endophenotype for ADHD. Children were grouped into either the 7r-present group (possessing at least one copy of the 7r allele) or the 7r-absent group. The ADHD group made significantly more commission errors and was significantly more variable in RT in terms of fast moment-to-moment variability than the control group, but no effect of genotype was found on these measures. Children with ADHD without the 7r allele made significantly more omission errors, were significantly more variable in the slow frequency domain and showed less sensitivity to the signal (d') than those children with ADHD the 7r and control children with or without the 7r. These results highlight the utility of time-series analyses of reaction time data for delineating the neuropsychological deficits associated with ADHD and the DRD4 VNTR. Absence of the 7-repeat allele in children with ADHD is associated with a neurocognitive profile of drifting sustained attention that gives rise to variable and inconsistent performance.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 927-937 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics |
Volume | 147B |
Issue number | 6 |
Early online date | 24 Mar 2008 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 5 Sept 2008 |
Bibliographical note
his work was supported by grants from the Health Research Board of Ireland, Science Foundation Ireland and the Irish Higher Education Authority's Programme for Research in Third-Level Institutions. KAJ is supported by the Health Research Board of Ireland. We would like to thank Dr. David Hevey for statistical advice, Aoife Dáibhis, Amy Watchorn and Michelle Keavey for data collection, the referring child and adolescent psychiatrists from the Health Service Executive, South Western, Eastern and Midlands areas, the Lucena clinics, and all the participating children and their families.Keywords
- endophenotype
- response variability
- reaction time
- executive function
- dopamine