@article{bfaf2b0f67dd4e5c9620bbd0d1fb6ee4,
title = "Appetite Control Across the Lifecourse: The Acute Impact of Breakfast Drink Quantity and Protein Content. The Full4Health Project",
abstract = "Understanding the mechanisms of hunger, satiety and how nutrients affect appetite control is important for successful weight management across the lifecourse. The primary aim of this study was to describe acute appetite control across the lifecourse, comparing age groups (children, adolescents, adults, elderly), weight categories, genders and European sites (Scotland and Greece). Participants (n = 391) consumed four test drinks, varying in composition (15% (normal protein, NP) and 30% (high protein, HP) of energy from protein) and quantity (based on 100% basal metabolic rate (BMR) and 140% BMR), on four separate days in a double-blind randomized controlled study. Ad libitum energy intake (EI), subjective appetite and biomarkers of appetite and metabolism (adults and elderly only) were measured. The adults{\textquoteright} appetite was significantly greater than that of the elderly across all drink types (p < 0.004) and in response to drink quantities (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in EI between age groups, weight categories, genders or sites. Concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) were significantly greater in the elderly than the adults (p < 0.001). Ghrelin and fasting leptin concentrations differed significantly between weight categories, genders and sites (p < 0.05), while GLP-1 and PYY concentrations differed significantly between genders only (p < 0.05). Compared to NP drinks, HP drinks significantly increased postprandial GLP-1 and PYY (p < 0.001). Advanced age was concomitant with reduced appetite and elevated anorectic hormone release, which may contribute to the development of malnutrition. In addition, appetite hormone concentrations differed between weight categories, genders and geographical locations. View Full-Text ",
keywords = "appetite, lifecourse, gut hormones, hunger, protein",
author = "Crabtree, {Daniel Robert} and William Buosi and Fyfe, {Claire L} and Horgan, {Graham W} and Y Manios and O Androutsos and A Giannopoulou and Graham Finlayson and Kristine Beaulieu and Meek, {Claire L} and Holst, {Jens J} and {Van Norren}, Klaske and Mercer, {Julian G} and Johnstone, {Alexandra M}",
note = "Funding: This research was funded by the European Union{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Programme FP7-KBBE-2010-4 under grant agreement No: 266408. Authors from the University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Scottish Government as part of the RESAS Strategic Research Programme at the Rowett Institute. Acknowledgments:We thank Sylvia Stephen, Karen Taylor, Ruth Melican, Rachel Malone, Tara Lyons, Argyri Tsipra, Charlotte Zeller, Miroslaw Kasprzak, Niamh Maloney, Evie Nikokavoura, Laura Bardon, Zahra Mansy and the staff at the Human Nutrition Unit for their assistance with the dietary preparation and participant data collection. The authors would also like to thank all the participants for their time and effort. Author Contributions: Y.M., J.G.M. and A.M.J. conceptualization; D.R.C., W.B., C.L.F., O.A. and A.G. data curation; G.W.H., G.F. and K.B. formal analysis; Y.M., J.G.M. and A.M.J. funding acquisition; D.R.C., W.B., C.L.F., O.A., A.G., C.L.M., J.J.H. and A.M.J. investigation; D.R.C., W.B., O.A., G.F., C.L.M., J.J.H., K.V.N. and A.M.J. methodology; G.W.H. project administration; G.F., C.L.M., J.J.H. and K.V.N. resources; Y.M. and J.G.M. supervision; D.R.C., W.B., C.L.F., G.F. and A.M.J. writing—original draft; G.W.H., Y.M., O.A., A.G., K.B., C.L.M., J.J.H., K.V.N. and J.G.M. writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/12/3710/s1, Table S1: Schofield equations for estimating BMR, Table S2: Nutritional values of the foods and drinks served at the ad libitum buffet-style test meal, Table S3: Number of participants completed within each group at both sites, Table S4: Buffet-style test meal ad libitum energy and macronutrient intake (n = 391), Table S5: Effect of visit number on ad libitum EI, Table S6: Mean food reward (liking and wanting) results, Table S7: Combined adult and elderly glucose homeostasis, by group, at baseline and post-test drink consumption, Table S8: Combined adult and elderly glucose homeostasis at baseline and in response to test drink type, composition and quantity, Figure S1: CONSORT diagram summarizing participant flow. The number of participants from both study sites who were recruited, enrolled, allocated to intervention, discontinued, included in the analyses and completed are presented. ABDN: Scotland, HUA: Greece.",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
day = "30",
doi = "10.3390/nu12123710",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
journal = "Nutrients",
issn = "2072-6643",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "12",
}
