Abstract
Introduction. Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT) explicitly postulates experiential avoidance (EA) and values-based living (VBL) as essential treatment processes. As outcomes from between-subject studies cannot readily be generalized to within-subject processes in individuals, we explored the unfolding of, and relationship between, EA and VBL and levels of pain interference in daily life and emotional well-being within individuals experiencing chronic pain. Methods. Using n-of-1 designs, three participants following a multidisciplinary treatment program filled out a 12-item daily questionnaire (87–110 days). After multiple imputation of missing data, McKnight Time-series analysis procedures were performed for each participant separately. The interrelationships of EA, VBL and pain intensity, and the relationship of EA and VBL beyond pain intensity with both chronic pain outcomes were assessed both concurrently (same day) and prospectively (consecutive days). Results. Both EA and VBL were associated with at least one of five outcome variables (four domains of pain interference and emotional well-being) beyond pain intensity in two participants, but not in the third participant. These associations primarily existed for concurrent, but not consecutive, days. In contrast to VBL, EA was not associated with emotional well-being for any of the three participants. Conclusions. Although the finding that ACT-processes were associated with pain outcomes on concurrent days is consistent with ACT theory, the absence of such associations on consecutive days means that alternative explanations cannot be rule out. One possibility is that pain interference fluctuates within days at a higher variability rate than was currently assessed. Future research should consider using a higher measurement frequency to be able to grasp time-lagged effects.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 123-136 |
Number of pages | 14 |
Journal | Journal for Person-Oriented Research |
Volume | 5 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 30 Dec 2019 |
Bibliographical note
AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the European Health Psychology Society for providing a grant that enabled the collaboration of the co-authors for this article.
Author contributions
HT designed the study, organized the data collection, carried out the statistical analyses and drafted the first version of the manuscript. DJ and MJ supervised the statistical analyses and were actively involved in writing and revising the manuscript. MVH and KS designed the study and were actively involved in writing and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Keywords
- Acceptance & Commitment Therapy
- Chronic pain
- Experiential avoidance
- N-of-1 design
- Single case
- Within-subject