Abstract
There is increasing emphasis on reformulating processed foods to make them healthier. This study for the first time comprehensively investigated the effects of fortifying bread (containing oil as an ingredient) with freeze-dried vegetables on its nutritional and physico-chemical attributes. Breads fortified with carrot, tomato, beetroot or broccoli were assessed for nutrition, antioxidant potential, storage life, shelf stability, textural changes and macronutrient oxidation. Furthermore, using an in vitro model the study for the first time examined the impact of vegetable addition on the oxidative stability of macronutrients during human gastro-intestinal digestion. As expected, adding vegetables improved the nutritional and antioxidant properties of bread. Beetroot and broccoli significantly improved bread storage life. None of the vegetables significantly affected bread textural changes during storage compared to the control. Lipid oxidation in fresh bread was significantly reduced by all four types of vegetables whilst protein oxidation was lowered by beetroot, carrot and broccoli. The vegetables demonstrated varying effects on macronutrient oxidation during gastro-intestinal digestion. Beetroot consistently showed positive effects suggesting its addition to bread could be particularly beneficial.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 19 |
Pages (from-to) | 1-13 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | Foods |
Volume | 5 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 14 Mar 2016 |
Bibliographical note
Acknowledgments: Funds for the study were provided by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division and conducted as part of the Scottish Government Strategic Research programme (Diet and Health Theme of the Food Land & People Programme). The authors are grateful toPhillip Morrice, Vivian Buchan and Donna Henderson for helping with the nutritional analysis of the breads. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Keywords
- bread
- vegetables
- oxidative stability
- oil
- storage properties
- digestion