Effects of structural and functional habitat gaps on breeding woodland birds: working harder for less

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• breeding 80%
• woodland 76%
• bird 67%
• expenditure 61%
• habitat 49%
• reproductive success 49%
• young 41%
• oak 39%
• nest box 34%
• brood size 32%
• canopy 32%
• energy 29%
• rearing 23%
• body mass 22%
• effect 18%
• cost 10%
• water 6%

Agriculture & Biology

• Parus major 100%
• woodlands 80%
• Cyanistes caeruleus 61%
• birds 48%
• breeding 48%
• habitats 46%
• energy expenditure 37%
• tree height 26%
• Quercus 21%
• chicks 18%
• canopy gaps 15%
• canopy height 15%
• nest boxes 14%
• water birds 14%
• England 11%
• rearing 9%
• foraging 9%
• incidence 8%

Social Sciences

• habitat 89%
• expenditures 35%
• energy 27%
• incidence 11%
• water 10%
• costs 7%