Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• whale 72%
• energetics 61%
• disturbance 47%
• cost 35%
• protected area 17%
• energy intake 14%
• behavioral response 11%
• activity pattern 11%
• pebble 10%
• Markov chain 10%
• strait 9%
• sensitivity analysis 8%
• budget 8%
• traffic 8%
• beach 8%
• vessel 8%
• demand 6%
• land 5%
• energy 4%
• experiment 3%
• test 3%

Agriculture & Biology

• Orcinus orca 100%
• boats 82%
• whales 54%
• marine protected areas 16%
• Markov chain 14%
• British Columbia 12%
• beaches 12%
• traffic 11%
• energy intake 11%
• conservation areas 10%
• Canada 9%
• foraging 8%
• monitoring 7%
• energy 6%
• testing 4%