Abstract
Current practices of identifying and treating small indolent thyroid cancers constitute an important but in some ways unusual form of overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis refers to diagnoses that generally harm rather than benefit patients, primarily because the diagnosed condition is not a harmful form of the disease in question. With thyroid cancer overdiagnosis, individual patients are harmed by the psycho-social impact of a cancer diagnosis, as well as treatment interventions that may include partial or total thyroidectomy, lifelong thyroid replacement hormone, monitoring, surgical complications and other side effects. These harms seem unlikely to be outweighed by any putative benefit of knowing about a cancer that would not have caused problems if not identified or treated. In addition to harms to patients, there are significant opportunity costs at a societal level of treating and supporting large numbers of patients overdiagnosed with thyroid cancer.
Unlike many other overdiagnosed cancers, accurate risk stratification is possible with thyroid cancer. Within clinical ethics frameworks, which emphasise beneficence and non-maleficence and respect for patients’ autonomy, the use of this risk information might support informed choice and/or shared decision-making at an individual patient level. And this approach might, to some extent, help to reduce rates of diagnosis and intervention. In practice, however, it is unlikely to stem the rising incidence and associated harms and costs of overdiagnosed thyroid cancer, especially in situations where health professionals’ interests are conflicted. We argue in this paper that thyroid cancer overdiagnosis should also be understood as a public health problem, and that some public health approaches will be readily justifiable and are more likely to be effective in minimising its harms.
Unlike many other overdiagnosed cancers, accurate risk stratification is possible with thyroid cancer. Within clinical ethics frameworks, which emphasise beneficence and non-maleficence and respect for patients’ autonomy, the use of this risk information might support informed choice and/or shared decision-making at an individual patient level. And this approach might, to some extent, help to reduce rates of diagnosis and intervention. In practice, however, it is unlikely to stem the rising incidence and associated harms and costs of overdiagnosed thyroid cancer, especially in situations where health professionals’ interests are conflicted. We argue in this paper that thyroid cancer overdiagnosis should also be understood as a public health problem, and that some public health approaches will be readily justifiable and are more likely to be effective in minimising its harms.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 590-598 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Bioethics |
Volume | 31 |
Issue number | 8 |
Early online date | 13 Sept 2017 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Oct 2017 |
Bibliographical note
Wendy Rogers was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT130100346). Wendy Craig was funded in part by a NRS Career Researcher Fellowship from NHS Scotland (2015-16); she wishes to acknowledge Prof Zyg Krukowski, formerly of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, whose longterm prospective clinical data underpinned her doctoral thesis and subsequent work. We thank participants at the International Association of Bioethics 2016 Congress for comments on a presentation draft of this paper.Keywords
- conflicts of interest
- ethics
- overdiagnosis
- public health
- shared decision-making
- thyroid cancer