Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland

Noshin Daud; Valerie Currie; Gary Duncan; Joao A. N. Filipe; Tomoya Yoshinari; Gary Stoddart; Deborah Roberts; Silvia W. Gratz

doi:10.3390/toxins15040247

Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland

Noshin Daud, Valerie Currie, Gary Duncan, Joao A. N. Filipe, Tomoya Yoshinari, Gary Stoddart, Deborah Roberts, Silvia W. Gratz^* (Corresponding Author)

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.

Original language	English
Article number	247
Number of pages	12
Journal	Toxins
Volume	15
Issue number	4
Early online date	28 Mar 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040247
Publication status	Published - 28 Mar 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding
This study has received funding from the Interface Multiparty Fund; the Rowett Institute and Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland receives funding from the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS).
Acknowledgments
Authors acknowledge the involvement of Hamlyns, WN Lindsay and all farmers in contributing to sample collection. Susan McCormick and Mark Busman at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Peoria, IL, USA, are acknowledged for providing the standard solutions of DAS-Glc, T-2-Glc and HT-2-Glc used in this study. The ZEN-Glc standard used in this study was previously synthesised as part of the FSA-funded project FS102101.

Keywords

Fusarium mycotoxins
trichothecenes
masked mycotoxins
organic
conventional
oats

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Daud_etal_T_Free_And_Modified_VoR
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Final published version, 1.53 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland",

abstract = "Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.",

keywords = "Fusarium mycotoxins, trichothecenes, masked mycotoxins, organic, conventional, oats",

author = "Noshin Daud and Valerie Currie and Gary Duncan and Filipe, {Joao A. N.} and Tomoya Yoshinari and Gary Stoddart and Deborah Roberts and Gratz, {Silvia W.}",

note = "Funding This study has received funding from the Interface Multiparty Fund; the Rowett Institute and Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland receives funding from the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS). Acknowledgments Authors acknowledge the involvement of Hamlyns, WN Lindsay and all farmers in contributing to sample collection. Susan McCormick and Mark Busman at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Peoria, IL, USA, are acknowledged for providing the standard solutions of DAS-Glc, T-2-Glc and HT-2-Glc used in this study. The ZEN-Glc standard used in this study was previously synthesised as part of the FSA-funded project FS102101.",

year = "2023",

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doi = "10.3390/toxins15040247",

language = "English",

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T1 - Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland

AU - Daud, Noshin

AU - Currie, Valerie

AU - Duncan, Gary

AU - Filipe, Joao A. N.

AU - Yoshinari, Tomoya

AU - Stoddart, Gary

AU - Roberts, Deborah

AU - Gratz, Silvia W.

N1 - Funding This study has received funding from the Interface Multiparty Fund; the Rowett Institute and Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland receives funding from the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS). Acknowledgments Authors acknowledge the involvement of Hamlyns, WN Lindsay and all farmers in contributing to sample collection. Susan McCormick and Mark Busman at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Peoria, IL, USA, are acknowledged for providing the standard solutions of DAS-Glc, T-2-Glc and HT-2-Glc used in this study. The ZEN-Glc standard used in this study was previously synthesised as part of the FSA-funded project FS102101.

PY - 2023/3/28

Y1 - 2023/3/28

N2 - Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.

AB - Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.

KW - Fusarium mycotoxins

KW - trichothecenes

KW - masked mycotoxins

KW - organic

KW - conventional

KW - oats

U2 - 10.3390/toxins15040247

DO - 10.3390/toxins15040247

M3 - Article

C2 - 37104186

SN - 2072-6651

VL - 15

JO - Toxins

JF - Toxins

IS - 4

M1 - 247

ER -

Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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