@inproceedings{ade94f29a94447318fe0bd52c527f5a4,
title = "Immunological Determination of the Pharmaceutical Diclofenac in Environmental and Biological Samples",
abstract = "A highly sensitive and specific competitive ELISA on 96-microwell plates was developed for the analysis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Within the water cycle in Europe, this is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutically active compounds. The LOD at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3, and the IC50, were found to be 6 ng/L and 60 ng/L respectively in tap water. In a comparative study using ELISA and GC-MS, diclofenac levels in wastewater from 21 sewage treatment plants were determined and a good correlation between these methods was found (ELISA vs. GC-MS: r = 0.70, slope = 0.90, intercept = 0.37, n = 24). An average degradation rate of approximate to 25% can be calculated. Lab-scale-experiments on the elimination of diclofenac in continuous pilot sewage plants revealed a removal rate of only 5% over a period of 13 weeks. In a further study, the ELISA was applied to a number of extracts of various animal tissues from a range of species, and again a very good relationship between ELISA and LC-ESI/MS data sets was obtained (r 0.90, p < 0.0001; n = 117). The ELISA has proven to be a simple, rapid, reliable and affordable alternative to otherwise costly and advanced techniques for the detection of diclofenac in matrix diverse water samples and tissue extracts after only relatively simple sample preparation.",
keywords = "antiinflammatory drug diclofenac, waste-water treatment, aquatic environment, mass-spectrometry, clofibric acid, gyps-bengalensis, rainbow-trout, part 1, sewage, fate",
author = "Dietmar Knopp and Anping Deng and Marion Letzel and Mark Taggart and Markus Himmelsbach and Qing-Zhi Zhu and Iris Per{\"o}bner and Blazej Kudlak and Siegfried Frey and Manfred Sengl and Wolfgang Buchberger and Clyde Hutchinson and Andrew Cunningham and Debbie Pain and Richard Cuthbert and Andrea Raab and Meharg, {Andrew Alexander} and Gerry Swan and Yadvendradev Jhala and Vibhu Prakash and Asad Rahmani and Miguel Quevedo and Reinhard Niessner",
year = "2007",
doi = "10.1021/bk-2007-0966.ch013",
language = "English",
isbn = "9780841274204",
series = "ACS symposium series",
publisher = "American Chemical Society",
pages = "203--226",
editor = "Kennedy, {Ivan R.} and Solomon, {Keith R. } and Gee, {Shirley J.} and Crossan, {Angus N. } and Wang, {Shuo } and Francisco S{\'a}nchez-Bayo",
booktitle = "Rational Environmental Management of Agrochemicals",
address = "United States",
}