Impacts of cardamom cultivation on montane forest ecosystems in Sri Lanka

Agriculture & Biology

• cardamom 100%
• Sri Lanka 80%
• montane forests 80%
• forest ecosystems 78%
• plantations 33%
• species diversity 8%
• soil properties 7%
• residual forests 6%
• Elettaria cardamomum 5%
• canopy 5%
• Macaranga 5%
• stand basal area 5%
• pioneer species 4%
• forest reserves 4%
• cash crops 4%
• denitrification 4%
• forest stands 4%
• saplings 3%
• topsoil 3%
• spices 3%
• tropical forests 3%
• woody plants 3%
• soil 3%
• understory 3%
• fertilizer application 3%
• weed control 3%
• species richness 3%
• planting 2%
• vegetation 2%
• stems 2%
• seedlings 2%
• crops 1%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• montane forest 80%
• forest ecosystem 66%
• plantation 62%
• natural forest 48%
• soil property 11%
• canopy 10%
• spice 9%
• cash crop 8%
• forest reserve 8%
• sapling 7%
• woody plant 7%
• ecosystem process 6%
• basal area 6%
• understory 6%
• seedling 6%
• tropical forest 6%
• planting 6%
• topsoil 6%
• species diversity 5%
• stem 5%
• denitrification 5%
• fertilizer 5%
• species richness 5%
• soil 5%
• scanning electron microscopy 4%
• crop 4%
• effect 4%
• vegetation 3%
• loss 3%
• rate 2%