Induction of labour at 41 weeks versus expectant management until 42 weeks (INDEX): Multicentre, randomised non-inferiority trial

Judit Kj Keulen, Aafke Bruinsma, Joep C. Kortekaas, Jeroen Van Dillen, Patrick Mm Bossuyt, Martijn A. Oudijk, Ruben G. Duijnhoven, Anton H. Van Kaam, Frank Pha Vandenbussche, Joris Am Van Der Post, Ben Willem Mol, Esteriek De Miranda* (Corresponding Author)

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

58 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Objective To compare induction of labour at 41 weeks with expectant management until 42 weeks in low risk women. Design Open label, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Setting 123 primary care midwifery practices and 45 hospitals (secondary care) in the Netherlands, 2012-16. Participants 1801 low risk women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy: randomised to induction (n=900) or to expectant management until 42 weeks (n=901). Interventions Induction at 41 weeks or expectant management until 42 weeks with induction if necessary. Primary outcome measures Primary outcome was a composite of perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity (Apgar score <7 at five minutes, arterial pH <7.05, meconium aspiration syndrome, plexus brachialis injury, intracranial haemorrhage, and admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Secondary outcomes included maternal outcomes and mode of delivery. The null hypothesis that expectant management is inferior to induction was tested with a non-inferiority margin of 2%. Results Median gestational age at delivery was 41 weeks+0 days (interquartile range 41 weeks+0 days-41 weeks+1 day) for the induction group and 41 weeks+2 days (41 weeks+0 days-41 weeks+5 days) for the expectant management group. The primary outcome was analysed for both the intention-to-treat population and the per protocol population. In the induction group, 15/900 (1.7%) women had an adverse perinatal outcome versus 28/901 (3.1%) in the expectant management group (absolute risk difference a '1.4%, 95% confidence interval a '2.9% to 0.0%, P=0.22 for non-inferiority). 11 (1.2%) infants in the induction group and 23 (2.6%) in the expectant management group had an Apgar score <7 at five minutes (relative risk (RR) 0.48, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.98). No infants in the induction group and three (0.3%) in the expectant management group had an Apgar score <4 at five minutes. One fetal death (0.1%) occurred in the induction group and two (0.2%) in the expectant management group. No neonatal deaths occurred. 3 (0.3%) neonates in the induction group versus 8 (0.9%) in the expectant management group were admitted to an NICU (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.41). No significant difference was found in composite adverse maternal outcomes (induction n=122 (13.6%) v expectant management n=102 (11.3%)) or in caesarean section rate (both groups n=97 (10.8%)). Conclusions This study could not show non-inferiority of expectant management compared with induction of labour in women with uncomplicated pregnancies at 41 weeks; instead a significant difference of 1.4% was found for risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in favour of induction, although the chances of a good perinatal outcome were high with both strategies and the incidence of perinatal mortality, Apgar score <4 at five minutes, and NICU admission low. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register NTR3431.

Original languageEnglish
Article numberl344
Pages (from-to)1-14
Number of pages14
JournalBMJ (Online)
Volume364
Early online date20 Feb 2019
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 20 Feb 2019

Bibliographical note

Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the Netherlands
Organisation for Health Research and Development ZonMw (grant No
171202008). This funding source had no role in study design, data
collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or
the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors had full
access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the
decision to submit for publication

Data Availability Statement

The full dataset is available from the corresponding
author at e.demiranda@amc.uva.nl on reasonable request.

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