Internal multiple prediction and removal using marchenko autofocusing and seismic interferometry

Standard seismic processing steps such as velocity analysis and reverse time migration (imaging) usually assume that all reflections are primaries: Multiples represent a source of coherent noise and must be suppressed to avoid imaging artifacts. Many suppression methods are relatively ineffective for internal multiples. We show how to predict and remove internal multiples using Marchenko autofocusing and seismic interferometry. We first show how internal multiples can theoretically be reconstructed in convolutional interferometry by combining purely reflected, up- and downgoing Green's functions from virtual sources in the subsurface. We then generate the relevant up- and downgoing wavefields at virtual sources along discrete subsurface boundaries using autofocusing. Then, we convolve purely scattered components of up- and downgoing Green's functions to reconstruct only the internal multiple field, which is adaptively subtracted from the measured data. Crucially, this is all possible without detailed modeled information about the earth's subsurface. The method only requires surface reflection data and estimates of direct (nonreflected) arrivals between subsurface virtual sources and the acquisition surface. The method is demostrated on a stratified synclinal model and shown to be particularly robust against errors in the reference velocity model used.