Abstract
Among-individual and within-individual variation in expression of seasonal migration versus residence is widespread in nature and could substantially affect the dynamics of partially-migratory metapopulations inhabiting seasonally- and spatially-structured environments. However, such variation has rarely been explicitly incorporated into metapopulation dynamic models for partially migratory systems. We therefore lack general frameworks that can identify how variable seasonal movements, and associated season- and location-specific vital rates, can control system persistence.
We constructed a novel conceptual framework that captures full-annual-cycle dynamics and key dimensions of metapopulation structure for partially-migratory species inhabiting seasonal environments. We conceptualize among-individual variation in seasonal migration as two variable vital rates: seasonal movement probability and associated movement survival probability. We conceptualize three levels of within35 individual variation (i.e. plasticity), representing seasonal or annual variation in seasonal migration or lifelong fixed strategies. We formulate these concepts as a general matrix model, which is customizable for diverse life-histories and seasonal landscapes.
To illustrate how variable seasonal migration can affect metapopulation growth rate, demographic structure and vital rate elasticities, we parameterize our general models for hypothetical short- and longer-lived species. Analyses illustrate that elasticities of seasonal movement probability and associated survival probability can sometimes equal or exceed those of vital rates typically understood to substantially influence metapopulation dynamics (i.e. seasonal survival probability or fecundity), that elasticities can vary non-linearly, and that metapopulation outcomes depend on the level of within-individual plasticity.
We illustrate how our general framework can be applied to evaluate the consequences of variable and changing seasonal movement probability by parameterizing our models for a real partially-migratory metapopulation of European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) assuming lifelong fixed strategies. Given observed conditions, metapopulation growth rate was most elastic to breeding season adult survival of the resident fraction in the dominant population. However, given doubled seasonal movement probability, variation in survival during movement would become the primary driver of metapopulation dynamics.
Our general conceptual and matrix model frameworks, and illustrative analyses, thereby highlight complex ways in which structured variation in seasonal migration can influence dynamics of partially-migratory metapopulations, and pave the way for diverse future theoretical and empirical advances
We constructed a novel conceptual framework that captures full-annual-cycle dynamics and key dimensions of metapopulation structure for partially-migratory species inhabiting seasonal environments. We conceptualize among-individual variation in seasonal migration as two variable vital rates: seasonal movement probability and associated movement survival probability. We conceptualize three levels of within35 individual variation (i.e. plasticity), representing seasonal or annual variation in seasonal migration or lifelong fixed strategies. We formulate these concepts as a general matrix model, which is customizable for diverse life-histories and seasonal landscapes.
To illustrate how variable seasonal migration can affect metapopulation growth rate, demographic structure and vital rate elasticities, we parameterize our general models for hypothetical short- and longer-lived species. Analyses illustrate that elasticities of seasonal movement probability and associated survival probability can sometimes equal or exceed those of vital rates typically understood to substantially influence metapopulation dynamics (i.e. seasonal survival probability or fecundity), that elasticities can vary non-linearly, and that metapopulation outcomes depend on the level of within-individual plasticity.
We illustrate how our general framework can be applied to evaluate the consequences of variable and changing seasonal movement probability by parameterizing our models for a real partially-migratory metapopulation of European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) assuming lifelong fixed strategies. Given observed conditions, metapopulation growth rate was most elastic to breeding season adult survival of the resident fraction in the dominant population. However, given doubled seasonal movement probability, variation in survival during movement would become the primary driver of metapopulation dynamics.
Our general conceptual and matrix model frameworks, and illustrative analyses, thereby highlight complex ways in which structured variation in seasonal migration can influence dynamics of partially-migratory metapopulations, and pave the way for diverse future theoretical and empirical advances
Original language | English |
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Journal | Journal of Animal Ecology |
Early online date | 17 Jul 2022 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 5 Sept 2022 |
Bibliographical note
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAPP, PA, JMR, FD, SJB and JMJT were supported by UK Natural Environment Research
Council (NE/R000859/1; NE/R016429/1 through the UK-SCaPE Programme delivering National Capability; NE/M005186/1). GB was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. JMR was additionally supported by NTNU and the Norwegian Research Council (grant 223257). We thank Steve Palmer and Marco Thiel for helpful discussions.
Research Funding
UK Natural Environment Research Council. Grant Numbers: NE/M005186/1, NE/R000859/1, NE/R016429/1
Article Funding
Open access funding enabled and organized by ProjektDEAL.
Royal Society University Research Fellowship
Keywords
- Demographic structure
- Elasticity
- full-annual-cycle matrix model
- metapopulation
- partial migration
- persistence
- seasonal movement
- seasonality