Abstract
ORF3a has been identified as a viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 and is known to be involved in various pathophysiological activities including disturbance of cellular calcium homeostasis, inflammasome activation, apoptosis induction and disruption of autophagy. ORF3a-targeting antibodies may specifically and favorably modulate these viroporin-dependent pathological activities. However, suitable viroporin-targeting antibodies are difficult to generate because of the well-recognized technical challenge associated with isolating antibodies to complex transmembrane proteins. Here we exploited a naïve human single chain antibody phage display library, to isolate binders against carefully chosen ORF3a recombinant epitopes located towards the extracellular N terminal and cytosolic C terminal domains of the protein using peptide antigens. These binders were subjected to further characterization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis to assess their binding affinities to the target epitopes. Binding to full-length ORF3a protein was evaluated by western blot and fluorescent microscopy using ORF3a transfected cells and SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Co-localization analysis was also performed to evaluate the “pairing potential” of the selected binders as possible alternative diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 infections. Both ORF3a N and C termini, epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies were identified in our study. Whilst the linear nature of peptides might not always represent their native conformations in the context of full protein, with carefully designed selection protocols, we have been successful in isolating anti-ORF3a binders capable of recognising regions of the transmembrane protein that are exposed either on the “inside” or “outside” of the infected cell. Their therapeutic potential will be discussed.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Article number | 2201 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Viruses |
Volume | 13 |
Issue number | 11 |
Early online date | 2 Nov 2021 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2 Nov 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the efforts of Julia Martinez Fraile, Richard Lofthouse, Lewis Penny, Mohammad Arastoo and Natalia Cattelan for providing training and assistance with various experimental procedures described in this study. The authors also thank the University of Aberdeen Microscopy and Histology Facility for training and access to fluorescence microscopy and Aberdeen Proteomics for access to BiacoreX100 for SPR binding analysis.Funding: Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government (COV/ABN/20/01). MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter (MR/P501955/2).
Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2
- ORF3a
- viroporin
- recombinant antibodies
- anti-ORF3a mAbs