On the use of sensitivity tests in seismic tomography

N. Rawlinson, W. Spakman

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118 Citations (Scopus)
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Abstract

Sensitivity analysis with synthetic models is widely used in seismic tomography as a means for assessing the spatial resolution of solutions produced by, in most cases, linear or iterative non-linear inversion schemes. The most common type of synthetic reconstruction test is the so-called checkerboard resolution test, in which the synthetic model comprises an alternating pattern of higher and lower wavespeed (or some other seismic property such as attenuation) in two or three dimensions. Although originally introduced for application to large inverse problems for which formal resolution and covariance could not be computed, these tests have achieved popularity, even when resolution and covariance can be computed, by virtue of being simple to implement and providing rapid and intuitive insight into the reliability of the recovered model. However, checkerboard tests have a number of potential drawbacks, including (1) only providing indirect evidence of quantitative measures of reliability such as resolution and uncertainty; (2) giving a potentially misleading impression of the range of scale-lengths that can be resolved; and (3) not giving a true picture of the structural distortion or smearing that can be caused by the data coverage. The widespread use of synthetic reconstruction tests in seismic tomography is likely to continue for some time yet, so it is important to implement best practice where possible. The goal of this paper is to develop the underlying theory and carry out a series of numerical experiments in order to establish best practice and identify some common pitfalls. Based on our findings, we recommend (1) the use of a discrete spike test involving a sparse distribution of spikes, rather than the use of the conventional tightly-spaced checkerboard; (2) using data coverage (e.g. ray path geometry) inherited from the model constrained by the observations (i.e. the same forward operator or matrix), rather than the data coverage obtained by solving the forward problem through the synthetic model; (3) carrying out multiple tests using structures of different scale length; (4) taking special care with regard to what can be inferred when using synthetic structures that closely mimic what has been recovered in the observation-based model; (5) investigating the range of structural wavelengths that can be recovered using realistic levels of imposed data noise; and (6) where feasible, assessing the influence of model parameterisation error, which arises from making a choice as to how structure is to be represented.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1221-1243
Number of pages23
JournalGeophysical Journal International
Volume205
Issue number2
Early online date7 Mar 2016
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 May 2016

Bibliographical note

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was partly supported by ARC Discovery Project DP120103673 and by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 223272. We thank Maximilliano Bezada and an anonymous referee for constructive comments which improved the original version of the manuscript. We also thank the Editor, A. Morelli, for providing additional helpful comments.

Keywords

  • seismic tomography
  • inverse theory

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