Abstract
This work investigates the role that pore structure plays in colloid retention across scales with a novel methodology based on image analysis. Experiments were designed to quantify–with robust statistics–the contribution from commonly proposed retention sites toward colloid immobilization. Specific retention sites include solid-water interface, air-water in terface, air-water-solid triple point, grain-to-grain contacts, and thin films. Variable conditions for pore-water content, velocity, and chemistry were testedin a model glass bead
porous medium with silver microspheres. Concentration signals from effluent breakthrough and spatial profiles of retained particles from micro X-ray Computed Tomography were used to compute mass balances and enumerate pore-scale regions of interest in three dimensions. At the Darcy-scale, retained colloids follow non-monotonic deposition profiles, which implicates effects from flow-stagnation zones. The spatial distribution of immobilized colloids along the porous medium depth was analyzed by retention site, reveal26 ing depth-independent partitioning of colloids. At the pore-scale, dominance and over all saturation of all retention sites considered indicated that the solid-water interface and wedge-shaped regions associated with flow-stagnation (grain-to-grain contacts in satu rated and air-water-solid triple points in unsaturated conditions) are the greatest contributors toward retention under the tested conditions. At the interface-scale, xDLVO energy profiles were in agreement with pore-scale observations. Our calculations suggest favorable interactions for colloids and solid-water interfaces and for weak flocculation (e.g.,at flow-stagnation zones), but unfavorable interactions between colloids and air-water
interfaces. Overall, we demonstrate that pore-structure plays a critical role in colloid immobilization and that Darcy-, pore- and interface-scales are consistent when the pore structure is taken into account.
porous medium with silver microspheres. Concentration signals from effluent breakthrough and spatial profiles of retained particles from micro X-ray Computed Tomography were used to compute mass balances and enumerate pore-scale regions of interest in three dimensions. At the Darcy-scale, retained colloids follow non-monotonic deposition profiles, which implicates effects from flow-stagnation zones. The spatial distribution of immobilized colloids along the porous medium depth was analyzed by retention site, reveal26 ing depth-independent partitioning of colloids. At the pore-scale, dominance and over all saturation of all retention sites considered indicated that the solid-water interface and wedge-shaped regions associated with flow-stagnation (grain-to-grain contacts in satu rated and air-water-solid triple points in unsaturated conditions) are the greatest contributors toward retention under the tested conditions. At the interface-scale, xDLVO energy profiles were in agreement with pore-scale observations. Our calculations suggest favorable interactions for colloids and solid-water interfaces and for weak flocculation (e.g.,at flow-stagnation zones), but unfavorable interactions between colloids and air-water
interfaces. Overall, we demonstrate that pore-structure plays a critical role in colloid immobilization and that Darcy-, pore- and interface-scales are consistent when the pore structure is taken into account.
Original language | English |
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Article number | e2021WR031807 |
Number of pages | 15 |
Journal | Water Resources Research |
Volume | 58 |
Issue number | 5 |
Early online date | 30 Apr 2022 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 May 2022 |
Bibliographical note
AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported in part by the U.S. NSF (EAR-1847689), the Donors of the
American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund (59864-DNI9), and Marie Curie Actions (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-SoilArchnAg No. 302251). The authors thank the editor and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback. The data for depth profiles of retained particles and retention site distribution are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6456378.
Keywords
- colloid
- filtration
- interfaces
- pore structure
- upscaling
- stagnation zones