Abstract
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 4321 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-80 |
| Number of pages | 80 |
| Journal | EFSA Journal |
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue number | 12 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2015 |
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Keywords
- Jatropha curcas
- Jatropha kernel meal
- seed cake
- seed meal
- protein isolate
- protein replacement
- phorbol esters
- Jatropha factors
Cite this
Risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters in Jatropha kernel meal. / Wallace, Heather; Jan, Alexander; Barregård, Lars; Bignami, Margherita; Ceccatelli, Sandra; Cottrill, Bruce; Edler, Lutz; Grasl-Kraupp, Bettina ; Hogstrand, Christer ; Hoogenboom, Laurentius (Ron) ; Knutsen, Helle Katrine ; Nebbia, Carlo Stefano ; Oswald, Isabelle ; Petersen, Annette ; Rogiers, Vera Maria; Roudot, Alain-Claude ; Schwerdtle, Tanja ; Vleminckx, Christiane ; Vollmer, Günter ; Dinovi, Michael; Rose, Martin ; Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain .
In: EFSA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 12, 4321 , 12.2015, p. 1-80.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters in Jatropha kernel meal
AU - Wallace, Heather
AU - Jan, Alexander
AU - Barregård, Lars
AU - Bignami, Margherita
AU - Ceccatelli, Sandra
AU - Cottrill, Bruce
AU - Edler, Lutz
AU - Grasl-Kraupp, Bettina
AU - Hogstrand, Christer
AU - Hoogenboom, Laurentius (Ron)
AU - Knutsen, Helle Katrine
AU - Nebbia, Carlo Stefano
AU - Oswald, Isabelle
AU - Petersen, Annette
AU - Rogiers, Vera Maria
AU - Roudot, Alain-Claude
AU - Schwerdtle, Tanja
AU - Vleminckx, Christiane
AU - Vollmer, Günter
AU - Dinovi, Michael
AU - Rose, Martin
AU - Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain
N1 - The Panel wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on Phorbol Esters: Bruce Cottrill, Stefano Dall'Acqua, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Harinder P.S. Makkar and Manfred Metzler for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion, and EFSA staff: Marco Binaglia, Karen Mackay and Rositsa Serafimova for the support provided to this scientific opinion.
PY - 2015/12
Y1 - 2015/12
N2 - Following a request from the European Commission, the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters (PEs) in Jatropha kernel meal were assessed by the EFSA Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Jatropha curcas (Jatropha) seeds contain substantial amounts of extractable oil utilised for biodiesel production. The remaining protein-rich products (seed meal or kernel meal) may be used as a protein source in animal feed after removal of anti-nutritive factors and toxic PEs. The available data on absorption of Jatropha PEs after oral ingestion, biotransformation, elimination, and dose-dependent toxic effects are very limited, and only for pigs a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.4 mg PEs/kg bw per day (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) equivalent), based on decreases in body weight gain and feed intake, could be identified from short-term feeding studies. No health based guidance value for humans could be established. Processes that almost completely remove or degrade toxic PEs in Jatropha products are available, resulting in levels below the limit of detection of 3 mg Jatropha PEs/kg (TPA equivalent). Replacement of 50% of the protein in compound feeds with treated Jatropha materials would result in animal exposures that are still 10 to 200-fold lower than the NOAEL for pigs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that such use of Jatropha material would not pose a health risk to pigs and that the risk to other species is likely to be low. The transfer of Jatropha PEs to animal derived products is unknown. In a human exposure scenario using a 50% transfer rate from feed to milk, a daily intake of 1 µg Jatropa PEs/kg bw per day was calculated. The CONTAM Panel concluded that more data are needed to draw firm conclusions on human risks.
AB - Following a request from the European Commission, the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters (PEs) in Jatropha kernel meal were assessed by the EFSA Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Jatropha curcas (Jatropha) seeds contain substantial amounts of extractable oil utilised for biodiesel production. The remaining protein-rich products (seed meal or kernel meal) may be used as a protein source in animal feed after removal of anti-nutritive factors and toxic PEs. The available data on absorption of Jatropha PEs after oral ingestion, biotransformation, elimination, and dose-dependent toxic effects are very limited, and only for pigs a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.4 mg PEs/kg bw per day (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) equivalent), based on decreases in body weight gain and feed intake, could be identified from short-term feeding studies. No health based guidance value for humans could be established. Processes that almost completely remove or degrade toxic PEs in Jatropha products are available, resulting in levels below the limit of detection of 3 mg Jatropha PEs/kg (TPA equivalent). Replacement of 50% of the protein in compound feeds with treated Jatropha materials would result in animal exposures that are still 10 to 200-fold lower than the NOAEL for pigs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that such use of Jatropha material would not pose a health risk to pigs and that the risk to other species is likely to be low. The transfer of Jatropha PEs to animal derived products is unknown. In a human exposure scenario using a 50% transfer rate from feed to milk, a daily intake of 1 µg Jatropa PEs/kg bw per day was calculated. The CONTAM Panel concluded that more data are needed to draw firm conclusions on human risks.
KW - Jatropha curcas
KW - Jatropha kernel meal
KW - seed cake
KW - seed meal
KW - protein isolate
KW - protein replacement
KW - phorbol esters
KW - Jatropha factors
U2 - 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4321
DO - 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4321
M3 - Article
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 80
JO - EFSA Journal
JF - EFSA Journal
SN - 1831-4732
IS - 12
M1 - 4321
ER -