Sub-seismic scale folding and thrusting within an exposed mass transport deposit

TY - JOUR

T1 - Sub-seismic scale folding and thrusting within an exposed mass transport deposit

T2 - A case study from NW Argentina

AU - Sobiesiak, Matheus S.

AU - Alsop, G. Ian

AU - Kneller, Benjamin Charles

AU - Milana, Juan Pablo

N1 - This work was carried out with support from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) - Brazil, BG - Brazil and the University of Aberdeen. We would like to thank the following geologists for their support, camaraderie and countless hours of fieldwork: Arthur Giovannini, Claus Fallgatter, Victoria Valdez, Qun Liu, Carla Puigdomenech, Guilherme Bozetti and Roberto Noll Filho. We thank Christopher Jackson and an anonymous reviewer, whose constructive comments and criticism helped to improve the manuscript.

PY - 2017/3/1

Y1 - 2017/3/1

N2 - While imaging of mass transport deposits (MTDs) by seismic reflection techniques commonly reveals thrusts and large blocks that affect entire deposits, associated systems of folds are generally less apparent as they are typically below the limits of seismic resolution. However, such sub-seismic scale structures are important as they permit the direction of emplacement, gross kinematics and internal strain within MTDs to be determined. Here we present a rigorous description of two outcrop-scale MTDs exposed in La Peña gorge, northwestern Argentina. These Carboniferous MTDs enable us to illustrate structural changes from a compressional domain, marked by sets of imbricated sandstone layers, into an extensional domain, characterized by sheared blocks of sandstone embedded in a finer matrix. Folds may be progressively modified during slump translation, resulting in asymmetric folds, which undergo subsequent deformation leading to sheared fold limbs together with detached and rotated fold hinges. In order to constrain transport directions within the MTDs, we measured fold hinges, mud clast alignment, and thrust planes as kinematic indicators. We propose emplacement models for both MTDs based on the overall deformational behaviour of sandstone beds during translation. The first model is based on the internal geometries and structures of a fault-dominated MTD, and the second model is based on layer-normal shearing in a fold-dominated MTD.

AB - While imaging of mass transport deposits (MTDs) by seismic reflection techniques commonly reveals thrusts and large blocks that affect entire deposits, associated systems of folds are generally less apparent as they are typically below the limits of seismic resolution. However, such sub-seismic scale structures are important as they permit the direction of emplacement, gross kinematics and internal strain within MTDs to be determined. Here we present a rigorous description of two outcrop-scale MTDs exposed in La Peña gorge, northwestern Argentina. These Carboniferous MTDs enable us to illustrate structural changes from a compressional domain, marked by sets of imbricated sandstone layers, into an extensional domain, characterized by sheared blocks of sandstone embedded in a finer matrix. Folds may be progressively modified during slump translation, resulting in asymmetric folds, which undergo subsequent deformation leading to sheared fold limbs together with detached and rotated fold hinges. In order to constrain transport directions within the MTDs, we measured fold hinges, mud clast alignment, and thrust planes as kinematic indicators. We propose emplacement models for both MTDs based on the overall deformational behaviour of sandstone beds during translation. The first model is based on the internal geometries and structures of a fault-dominated MTD, and the second model is based on layer-normal shearing in a fold-dominated MTD.

KW - mass transport deposit

KW - kinematic indicators

KW - imbricate thrust-faults

KW - layer-normal shearing

KW - fold deformation

KW - sandstone blocks

U2 - 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.01.006

DO - 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.01.006

M3 - Article

VL - 96

SP - 176

EP - 191

JO - Journal of Structural Geology

JF - Journal of Structural Geology

SN - 0191-8141

ER -