Atlantic salmon adapted to seawater for 9 weeks develop a robust immune response to salmonid alphavirus upon bath challenge

L J Moore; J Jarungsriapisit; T O Nilsen; S Stefansson; G L Taranger; C J Secombes; H C Morton; S Patel

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.017

Atlantic salmon adapted to seawater for 9 weeks develop a robust immune response to salmonid alphavirus upon bath challenge

L J Moore, J Jarungsriapisit, T O Nilsen, S Stefansson, G L Taranger, C J Secombes, H C Morton, S Patel

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Abstract

Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the most serious viral disease in Norwegian aquaculture. Study of the immune response to SAV will aid preventative measures including vaccine development. The innate immune response was studied in Atlantic salmon infected by either bath immersion (BI) or by intra-muscular (i.m.) injection (IM) with SAV subtype 3, two and nine weeks after seawater transfer (Phases A and B respectively). Phase A results have been previously published (Moore et al., 2017) and Phase B results are presented here together with a comparison of results achieved in Phase A. There was a rapid accumulation of infected fish in the IM-B (IM Phase B) group and all fish sampled were SAV RNA positive by 7 dpi (days post infection). In contrast, only a few SAV RNA positive (infected) fish were identified at 14, 21 and 28 dpi in the BI-B (BI Phase B) group. Differences in the transcription of several immune genes were apparent when compared between the infected fish in the IM-B and BI-B groups. Transcription of the analysed genes peaked at 7 dpi in the IM-B group and at 14 dpi in the BI-B group. However, this latter finding was difficult to interpret due to the low prevalence of SAV positive fish in this group. Additionally, fish positive for SAV RNA in the BI-B group showed higher transcription of IL-1β, IFNγ and CXCL11_L1, all genes associated with the inflammatory response, compared to the IM-B group. Histopathological changes in the heart were restricted to the IM-B group, while (immune) cell filtration into the pancreas was observed in both groups. Compared to the Phase A fish that were exposed to SAV3 two weeks after seawater transfer, the Phase B fish in the current paper, showed a higher and more sustained innate immune gene transcription in response to the SAV3 infection. In addition, the basal transcription of several innate immune genes in non-infected control fish in Phase B (CT-B) was also significantly different when compared to Phase A control fish (CT-A).

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	573-583
Number of pages	11
Journal	Fish & Shellfish Immunology
Volume	74
Early online date	17 Jan 2018
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.017
Publication status	Published - Mar 2018

Bibliographical note

This research was funded by the Research Council of Norway. Research grant # 224885/E40. The following people are thanked for their expert technical assistance and help during sampling and analysis; Ann Catherine Einen Bårdsgjære, Stig Mæhle, Ingrid Fiksdal and Miriam Castillo Furné. Thanks also to Ivar Helge Matre (Matre Research Station, Institute for Marine Research) for production of fish and Joachim Nordbø for fish husbandry and help with sampling. Kai Ove Skaftnesmoe is thanked for the preparation of Fig. 6. Øystein Evensen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, is acknowledged for providing the SAV3 isolate.

Keywords

Journal Article
Salmo salar
Salmonid alphavirus
inflammation
gene transcription
bath immersion
smoltification
seawater transfer
post-smolt
SAV

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Cite this

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title = "Atlantic salmon adapted to seawater for 9 weeks develop a robust immune response to salmonid alphavirus upon bath challenge",

abstract = "Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the most serious viral disease in Norwegian aquaculture. Study of the immune response to SAV will aid preventative measures including vaccine development. The innate immune response was studied in Atlantic salmon infected by either bath immersion (BI) or by intra-muscular (i.m.) injection (IM) with SAV subtype 3, two and nine weeks after seawater transfer (Phases A and B respectively). Phase A results have been previously published (Moore et al., 2017) and Phase B results are presented here together with a comparison of results achieved in Phase A. There was a rapid accumulation of infected fish in the IM-B (IM Phase B) group and all fish sampled were SAV RNA positive by 7 dpi (days post infection). In contrast, only a few SAV RNA positive (infected) fish were identified at 14, 21 and 28 dpi in the BI-B (BI Phase B) group. Differences in the transcription of several immune genes were apparent when compared between the infected fish in the IM-B and BI-B groups. Transcription of the analysed genes peaked at 7 dpi in the IM-B group and at 14 dpi in the BI-B group. However, this latter finding was difficult to interpret due to the low prevalence of SAV positive fish in this group. Additionally, fish positive for SAV RNA in the BI-B group showed higher transcription of IL-1β, IFNγ and CXCL11_L1, all genes associated with the inflammatory response, compared to the IM-B group. Histopathological changes in the heart were restricted to the IM-B group, while (immune) cell filtration into the pancreas was observed in both groups. Compared to the Phase A fish that were exposed to SAV3 two weeks after seawater transfer, the Phase B fish in the current paper, showed a higher and more sustained innate immune gene transcription in response to the SAV3 infection. In addition, the basal transcription of several innate immune genes in non-infected control fish in Phase B (CT-B) was also significantly different when compared to Phase A control fish (CT-A).",

keywords = "Journal Article, Salmo salar, Salmonid alphavirus , inflammation, gene transcription, bath immersion, smoltification, seawater transfer, post-smolt, SAV",

author = "Moore, {L J} and J Jarungsriapisit and Nilsen, {T O} and S Stefansson and Taranger, {G L} and Secombes, {C J} and Morton, {H C} and S Patel",

note = "This research was funded by the Research Council of Norway. Research grant # 224885/E40. The following people are thanked for their expert technical assistance and help during sampling and analysis; Ann Catherine Einen B{\aa}rdsgj{\ae}re, Stig M{\ae}hle, Ingrid Fiksdal and Miriam Castillo Furn{\'e}. Thanks also to Ivar Helge Matre (Matre Research Station, Institute for Marine Research) for production of fish and Joachim Nordb{\o} for fish husbandry and help with sampling. Kai Ove Skaftnesmoe is thanked for the preparation of Fig. 6. {\O}ystein Evensen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, is acknowledged for providing the SAV3 isolate.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.017",

language = "English",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Atlantic salmon adapted to seawater for 9 weeks develop a robust immune response to salmonid alphavirus upon bath challenge

AU - Moore, L J

AU - Jarungsriapisit, J

AU - Nilsen, T O

AU - Stefansson, S

AU - Taranger, G L

AU - Secombes, C J

AU - Morton, H C

AU - Patel, S

N1 - This research was funded by the Research Council of Norway. Research grant # 224885/E40. The following people are thanked for their expert technical assistance and help during sampling and analysis; Ann Catherine Einen Bårdsgjære, Stig Mæhle, Ingrid Fiksdal and Miriam Castillo Furné. Thanks also to Ivar Helge Matre (Matre Research Station, Institute for Marine Research) for production of fish and Joachim Nordbø for fish husbandry and help with sampling. Kai Ove Skaftnesmoe is thanked for the preparation of Fig. 6. Øystein Evensen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, is acknowledged for providing the SAV3 isolate.

PY - 2018/3

Y1 - 2018/3

N2 - Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the most serious viral disease in Norwegian aquaculture. Study of the immune response to SAV will aid preventative measures including vaccine development. The innate immune response was studied in Atlantic salmon infected by either bath immersion (BI) or by intra-muscular (i.m.) injection (IM) with SAV subtype 3, two and nine weeks after seawater transfer (Phases A and B respectively). Phase A results have been previously published (Moore et al., 2017) and Phase B results are presented here together with a comparison of results achieved in Phase A. There was a rapid accumulation of infected fish in the IM-B (IM Phase B) group and all fish sampled were SAV RNA positive by 7 dpi (days post infection). In contrast, only a few SAV RNA positive (infected) fish were identified at 14, 21 and 28 dpi in the BI-B (BI Phase B) group. Differences in the transcription of several immune genes were apparent when compared between the infected fish in the IM-B and BI-B groups. Transcription of the analysed genes peaked at 7 dpi in the IM-B group and at 14 dpi in the BI-B group. However, this latter finding was difficult to interpret due to the low prevalence of SAV positive fish in this group. Additionally, fish positive for SAV RNA in the BI-B group showed higher transcription of IL-1β, IFNγ and CXCL11_L1, all genes associated with the inflammatory response, compared to the IM-B group. Histopathological changes in the heart were restricted to the IM-B group, while (immune) cell filtration into the pancreas was observed in both groups. Compared to the Phase A fish that were exposed to SAV3 two weeks after seawater transfer, the Phase B fish in the current paper, showed a higher and more sustained innate immune gene transcription in response to the SAV3 infection. In addition, the basal transcription of several innate immune genes in non-infected control fish in Phase B (CT-B) was also significantly different when compared to Phase A control fish (CT-A).

AB - Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the most serious viral disease in Norwegian aquaculture. Study of the immune response to SAV will aid preventative measures including vaccine development. The innate immune response was studied in Atlantic salmon infected by either bath immersion (BI) or by intra-muscular (i.m.) injection (IM) with SAV subtype 3, two and nine weeks after seawater transfer (Phases A and B respectively). Phase A results have been previously published (Moore et al., 2017) and Phase B results are presented here together with a comparison of results achieved in Phase A. There was a rapid accumulation of infected fish in the IM-B (IM Phase B) group and all fish sampled were SAV RNA positive by 7 dpi (days post infection). In contrast, only a few SAV RNA positive (infected) fish were identified at 14, 21 and 28 dpi in the BI-B (BI Phase B) group. Differences in the transcription of several immune genes were apparent when compared between the infected fish in the IM-B and BI-B groups. Transcription of the analysed genes peaked at 7 dpi in the IM-B group and at 14 dpi in the BI-B group. However, this latter finding was difficult to interpret due to the low prevalence of SAV positive fish in this group. Additionally, fish positive for SAV RNA in the BI-B group showed higher transcription of IL-1β, IFNγ and CXCL11_L1, all genes associated with the inflammatory response, compared to the IM-B group. Histopathological changes in the heart were restricted to the IM-B group, while (immune) cell filtration into the pancreas was observed in both groups. Compared to the Phase A fish that were exposed to SAV3 two weeks after seawater transfer, the Phase B fish in the current paper, showed a higher and more sustained innate immune gene transcription in response to the SAV3 infection. In addition, the basal transcription of several innate immune genes in non-infected control fish in Phase B (CT-B) was also significantly different when compared to Phase A control fish (CT-A).

KW - Journal Article

KW - Salmo salar

KW - Salmonid alphavirus

KW - inflammation

KW - gene transcription

KW - bath immersion

KW - smoltification

KW - seawater transfer

KW - post-smolt

KW - SAV

U2 - 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.017

DO - 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.017

M3 - Article

C2 - 29353080

SN - 1050-4648

VL - 74

SP - 573

EP - 583

JO - Fish & Shellfish Immunology

JF - Fish & Shellfish Immunology

ER -

Atlantic salmon adapted to seawater for 9 weeks develop a robust immune response to salmonid alphavirus upon bath challenge

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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