Abstract
Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) introduced an approach to self-supervised learning avoiding the contrastive paradigm and subsequently removing the com- putational burden of negative sampling associated with such methods. However, we empirically find that the image representations produced under the BYOL’s self-distillation paradigm are poorly distributed in representation space compared to contrastive methods. This work empirically demonstrates that feature diver- sity enforced by contrastive losses is beneficial to image representation uniformity when employed in BYOL, and as such, provides greater inter-class representa- tion separability. Additionally, we explore and advocate the use of regularization methods, specifically the layer-wise minimization of hyperspherical energy (i.e. maximization of entropy) of network weights to encourage representation unifor- mity. We show that directly optimizing a measure of uniformity alongside the standard loss, or regularizing the networks of the BYOL architecture to minimize the hyperspherical energy of neurons can produce more uniformly distributed and therefore better performing representations for downstream tasks.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 104494 |
Journal | Image and Vision Computing |
Volume | 124 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jul 2022 |
Bibliographical note
AcknowledgmentsThis work used the Cirrus UK National Tier-2 HPC Service at EPCC (http://www.cirrus.ac.uk). Access granted through the project: ec173 - Next gen self-supervised learn- ing systems for vision tasks.
Open access via Elsevier Agreement
Keywords
- Self-supervised learning
- Representation learning
- Representation separability
- Image classification
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