One-year trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms in older patients presenting in general practice with musculoskeletal pain: a latent class growth analysis

Objective

Distinguishing transient from persistent anxiety and depression symptoms in older people presenting to general practice with musculoskeletal pain is potentially important for effective management. This study sought to identify distinct post-consultation depression and anxiety symptom trajectories in adults aged over 50 years consulting general practice for non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain.
Methods

Self-completion questionnaires, containing measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms, age, gender, pain status, coping and social status were mailed within 1 week of the consultation and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify anxiety and depression symptoms trajectories, which were ascertained with cut-off score ≥ 8 on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscales. Associations between baseline characteristics and cluster membership were examined using multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis (the 3-step approach).
Results

Latent class growth analyses determined a 3-cluster anxiety model (n = 499) and a 3-cluster depression model (n = 501). Clusters identified were: no anxiety problem (44.1%), persistent anxiety problem (33.9%) and transient anxiety symptoms (22.2%); no depression problem (74.1%), persistent depression problem (22.0%) and gradual depression symptom recovery (4.0%). Widespread pain, interference with valued activities, coping by increased behavioral activities, catastrophizing, perceived lack of instrumental support, age ≥ 70 years, being female, and performing manual/routine work were associated with anxiety and/or depression clusters.
Conclusions

Older people with non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain are at high risk of persistent anxiety and/or depression problems. Biopsychosocial factors, such as pain status, coping strategies, instrumental support, performing manual/routine work, being female and age ≥ 70 years, may help identify patients with persistent anxiety and/or depression.