The formation and use of a profit reserve at the end of the fourteenth century

This article analyses the earliest known use of reserve accounting in the late fourteenth century. It reveals the dual purpose of this reserve, the entries made, including those made when the reserve was utilized and when the remainder was written-back to be distributed to the owners in the following accounting period. The research method is archival, using logical–analytical modelling of a merchant’s accounting records from 1392 to 1400. It finds that a reserve was initially an estimate of costs that had been incurred the amount of which was unclear, and that it was then extended to act as a suspense account to balance the ledger when errors in the double entries could not be identified. In doing so, this study also reveals changes made in how the entries were made to the reserve as bookkeepers sought more efficient ways to make them.